Spontaneous Versus Directed Pushing Technique: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Comparative Study in Northern Upper Egypt
Research Abstract
Background: Maternal pushing during the 2nd stage of labor is indispensable and important contributor to the involuntary expulsive force developed by uterine contraction results to influence on the mother and fetus. Aim: the study was conducted to compare spontaneous versus Valsalva (directed) pushing techniques at the second stage of labor on maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: Setting: Delivery Unit of El-Fayoum General and University Hospitals. Design: A quasi-experimental comparative study. Subjects: A purposive sample of a total of 100 primiparous women; 50 in the Valsalva (directed) pushing group & 50 in the spontaneous pushing group. Tools: four tools were used; structured interviewing questionnaire sheet, Apgar score, Visual analog scale, and women satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The duration of the second stage of labor was shorter (5-10 min) in a spontaneous pushing (54.0%) group compared to the direct pushing group (2.0%). Oxygen wasn't used at all in spontaneous pushing group compared to 74.0% of directed pushing group. Postpartum hemorrhage was too little in spontaneous pushing group (96.0%) compared to 36.0% of the directed pushing group. Also, all women in the spontaneous pushing group experienced mild perineal pain compared to 32.0% in the directed pushing group (p<0.001). The individual items of the VAS were significantly higher in the directed pushing group than those in the spontaneous pushing group. According to Apgar's score, there was a significant difference between the two groups during both the first and fifth minutes of birth. In the directed pushing group, a higher proportion of babies are admitted to ICU than those in the spontaneous pushing group (18.0 percent versus 10.0 percent). Conclusion; spontaneous pushing during the 2nd stage of labor enhanced neonatal and maternal outcomes; whilst directed pushing was associated with an increased duration of the 2nd stage of labor and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Recommendations: It may be recommended that spontaneous pushing during the second stage of childbirth be included in the procedure for maternal hospitals.
Research Keywords
maternal, neonatal, outcomes, spontaneous, directed, pushing, second stage of labor